A state of emergency is a temporary situation declared by a government to authorize the use of extraordinary powers to deal with major disasters and other crisis situations that require immediate action. These situations may include natural disasters such as earthquakes or hurricanes, extensive property damage due to rioting or arson, and other civil disruptions like mass-casualty incidents. The use of a state of emergency can also allow the mobilization of military forces and other resources to respond quickly to these emergencies.
The declaration of a state of emergency allows the government to bypass normal legislative processes and laws and act swiftly in a time of crisis, when delay could cost lives. However, a state of emergency grants the government the power to limit rights and freedoms of individuals. This includes travel restrictions, social distancing measures, and isolation and quarantine. It is important to remember that these limits on individual rights are only temporary, and usually expire after 30 days or can be extended for no more than 90 days.
In most states, only the Governor can declare a state of emergency. The declaration can allow the Governor to authorize a variety of federal programs that provide aid for response and recovery operations. This includes funds for food, shelter, clothing and medical supplies. The Governor can also allow businesses to release non-essential employees. However, large and small private businesses should make their own decisions about delayed openings, cancellations or closures based on current weather conditions, the emergency plans and policies of their organization, and any travel restrictions that may be put into place during a state of emergency.